Author | Subject: https://www.notion.so/Komsomol-891c745577c341579c563e7254246581 Book Club Status: TBD Created time: May 8, 2023 6:36 PM Link: https://historyrussia.org/sobytiya/29-oktyabrya-1918-goda-byl-sozdan-komsomol.html
<translation> October 29, 1918 - the birthday of Komsomol. Its full name is the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (VLKSM), but it is commonly known as Komsomol.
Although it has long ceased to exist, for many in our country, it is still one of the favorite holidays. VLKSM was one of the largest youth organizations in the world, and for seven decades, around 160 million people joined its ranks.
The decision to create the Russian Communist Youth Union was made at the First All-Russian Congress of Unions of Workers and Peasant Youth. The initiator of the creation and the main ideologist of the organization was Vladimir Lenin. At the Third All-Russian Congress of Komsomol, the leader delivered his famous speech "Tasks of the Youth Unions". This text became the basic ideological document of VLKSM for many years.
"Members of the Union should consume every free hour to improve the garden, or at some factory or plant. The Teaching of Youth, etc. We want Russia to move from a poor and slaughter country to a rich country. And it is necessary that the Communist Youth League unite its education, its teaching and upbringing with the work of the workers and peasants, so that it does not lock itself up in its schools and does not confine itself to reading church books and pamphlets. Only in labor together with the open and the peasants can become real communists. And it is necessary for everyone to see that everyone who is a member of the Youth Union is literate, and at the same time knows how to work. When everyone sees how we drove the old drill out of the old school, replacing it with reciprocal discipline, how every young person goes to his share in the subbotnik, how they use a separate suburban farm, so that the population to the population, the people will look at labor differently than they look at it looked before. The task of the Communist Association of Youth is to get help in such a matter to get to the village or to your quarter", - Vladimir Lenin in his speech.
Later, the organization was renamed twice: in 1924, after Lenin's death, it was named after the leader, and in 1926, it was renamed to the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (VLKSM).
All volunteers were loyal assistants to the state, the best in work and public work. They were accepted into Komsomol for good study and behavior. The best of the best among young people wore a badge with the profile of the revolutionary leader.
On Komsomol's birthday, the most distinguished representatives of VLKSM were usually awarded. It was on this day that the Lenin Komsomol Prize was awarded for outstanding achievements in science, technology, culture, and pedagogical activities.
Komsomol members were always considered "assistants and reserve" of the CPSU, "young builders of communism". It was the Komsomol members who abandoned their established lives to build cities, turn barren steppes into blooming gardens, and pave roads through the taiga. With their participation, cultural centers were built, bridges were erected, and roads were built.
In addition, Komsomol members played a significant role in the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. During the war years, three and a half thousand members of VLKSM were awarded the title of Heroes of the Soviet Union.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the history of Komsomol came to an end. In September 1991, at the XXII Extraordinary Congress of VLKSM, a decision was made to self-liquidate the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League. In modern Russia, various youth public organizations are the ideological successors of VLKSM.
Text by Anna Khrustalyova
RU
29 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1918 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Komsomol ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ· ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈ - Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ
29 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1918 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° β ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π°. ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ β ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ· ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈ (ΠΠΠΠ‘Π), Π° Π² Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ β ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ».
ΠΠ½ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ β ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΠΠ‘Π Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅, Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° 160 ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ.
Π Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π° ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ·ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΠ»ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½. ΠΠ° III ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π° Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ» ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Β«ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΒ». ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΠΠ‘Π Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ.
Β«Π§Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-Π½ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄. ΠΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡ. Π Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ» Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΡΡΡ.Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π‘ΠΎΡΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, Π° Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΡΡΡ, Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ² Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ±Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅.
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Β»,
β ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π» ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ.
βMembers of the Union should consume every free hour to improve the garden, or at some factory or plant. The Teaching of Youth, etc. We want Russia to move from a poor and slaughter country to a rich country. And it is necessary that the Communist Youth League unite its education, its teaching and upbringing with the work of the workers and peasants, so that it does not lock itself up in its schools and does not confine itself to reading church books and pamphlets.Only in labor together with the open and the peasants can become real communists. And it is necessary for everyone to see that everyone who is a member of the Youth Union is literate, and at the same time knows how to work. When everyone sees how we drove the old drill out of the old school, replacing it with reciprocal discipline, how every young person goes to his share in the subbotnik, how they use a separate suburban farm, so that the population to the population, the people will look at labor differently than they look at it looked before.
The task of the Communist Association of Youth is to get help in such a matter to get to the village or to your quarterβ,
- meeting Vladimir Lenin in his speech.
ΠΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π²Π°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ: Π² 1924 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Ρ, Π° Π² 1926 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π²ΠΎ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ· ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈ (ΠΠΠΠ‘Π).
ΠΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Ρ, Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ» Π·Π° Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈ.
Π ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΠΠΠ‘Π. ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π° Π·Π° Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Β«ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌΒ» ΠΠΠ‘Π‘, Β«ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Β». ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π±ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ Π² ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ³ΠΈ. Π‘ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ.
ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Π΅ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ. Π Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΠΠΠ‘Π ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΅Π² Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π°.
Π‘ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π°. Π ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ 1991 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° XXII ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Π΅ ΠΠΠΠ‘Π Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π° ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈ. Π ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΠΠ‘Π ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
Π’Π΅ΠΊΡΡ: ΠΠ½Π½Π° Π₯ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π°