
On 14 January 2023, the Revolutionary Communist Party of France organized an event in Paris on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Soviet Union. Below, you can find the contribution made at the event by Eliseos Vagenas, member of the CC of the KKE and Head of the International Relations Section.
βIf someone said that the Soviet Union would disintegrate, for us it would be like the sun would not rise the next dayβ the leader of the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro, had said in an interview. This phrase captures the feelings of millions of communists and other progressive people who understood that the overthrow of socialism and the dissolution of the Soviet Union would mean a major social setback for the working people all over the world.
A few weeks ago marked the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The unification of peoples on an equal basis, and even with the right to withdraw from the USSR, created a new type of state organization, based on the principles of solidarity and internationalism among the workers of the most diverse nations. A state was formed based on the common economic basis of socialization of the means of production, central planning of the economy, and workersβ control.
Truths that bourgeois propaganda cannot hide
Today there is no USSR; it was dissolved 31 years ago. The result βamong other thingsβ was the factory of lies and slander against it, but this cannot change certain constants of reality, such as:
- Through the formation of the USSR, the peoples living in the territories that previously belonged to the Tsarist Empire and were characterized by profound economic, technological, social, and cultural backwardness, experienced an unprecedented economic and social development, a national and cultural renaissance. The exploitation of man by man was abolished. Many of the hundreds of nations living in those lands acquired written language, illiteracy was overcome, and science and culture thrived.
- The peoples of the USSR experienced unprecedented social and political achievements, such as free health care, free education, cheap housing, the 8-hour working day, low retirement age (at 60 for men and 55 for women), the elimination of unemployment, the protection of maternity and childhood, social security, the important steps towards the abolition of the inequality of women, the election of the peopleβs representatives directly from the workplace and the right to recall them in the case that they failed to honour their commitments, even before the next elections were called, etc.
- The radiance of the social and political achievements of the USSR had a considerable influence throughout the capitalist world. The peoples who were fighting for their rights against colonialism, capitalism, and imperialist war found a firm supporter in it.
- The USSR was the main force that crushed the monster of fascism that capitalism gave rise to. Leningrad, Stalingrad, the Battle of Moscow and Kursk and so many other sacrifices of the Soviet people will go down in history, just like the picture of the Red Army raising the Red Flag at the Reichstag, driving a nail into the heart of Nazi Germany.
- The USSR sailed into new, hitherto uncharted, waters in social development. In its course, it could not avoid weaknesses, distortions, and mistakes such as the change in the way the soviets were elected (1936) and the βborrowingβ of market mechanisms (1960s) that led to the weakening of workersβ power, social ownership of the means of production, and centralized scientific planning. As a result, the economic, social, and political conditions that paved the way for its overthrow with βperestroikaβ (1980s), began to gradually form.
- The overthrow of socialism in the USSR did not take place through popular uprisings and revolutions, but βfrom within and from aboveβ, as a result of the opportunist transformation of the CP and the corresponding political course of the Soviet power. In practice, the forces of opportunism, which had dominated the leadership of the CPSU, played a treacherous role for the cause of socialism by guiding the process of counter-revolution. They expressed those social forces that had emerged within the Soviet society, gradually controlling the structures of Soviet power and the CP, seeking to restore capitalism.
Anti-communism as common ground for the promotion of imperialist plans
Dear comrades,
Today, 31 years later, we must ask the peoples: What is eventually our world like? Has it become better without the USSR?
Were the right-wing, social-democratic, βEurocommunistβ parties, which fought the USSR and celebrated its end, right?
Today, the peoples who are facing the ever-increasing problems caused by capitalism can see that after the dissolution of the USSR and the overthrow of the socialist system in 1991, up to today, in 2023, the brutal exploitation of man by man has intensified. Important hard-won achievements of the working class, of the peoples, are being crushed. Terrible labour conditions are returning, with the dismantling of Social Security, the restriction of trade union freedoms and rights, the increase in unemployment. Economic crises are intensifying and a series of anti-labour and anti-popular laws are passed. Social problems are exacerbating due to the commercialization of health and education, the acute housing problem, the foreclosure auctions of primary residences, energy poverty, soaring prices, inflation that eats away at peopleβs income, and heavy taxation on the popular strata.
At the same time, imperialist competition and contradictions are sharpening, leading to imperialist interventions, conflicts, and wars such as the one in Ukraine. The threat of a nuclear catastrophe is growing stronger, while there are large flows of refugees and immigrants.
Of course, bourgeois approaches, both in the territories of the former USSR and in the West, try to present capitalism as a βone-way streetβ with no alternative way out for the peoples, reproducing many slanders about the βinefficiency of the centrally planned economy, without a marketβ, about alleged βcrimes of communismβ, such as the infamous βGolodomorβ that has been promoted in Ukraine by all bourgeois regimes for the past 30 years, or claims that the USSR was dissolved because Lenin and the Bolsheviks laid a mine in its foundations, as V. Putin states.
The common denominator of all of them is anti-communism and the distortion of historical facts, aimed at promoting their anti-popular policies and plans.
On the slander that the war in Ukraine is related to the βreestablishment of the USSRβ
Moreover, some bourgeois mouthpieces that fought the USSR, are once again trying to mislead the people, claiming that the war in Ukraine is due to Putin, βwho wants to reestablish the USSRβ. However, Putin, Zelenskiy, and the other bourgeois regimes in the territories of the former USSR are cut from the same cloth as them! They are the result of the overthrow of socialism and the restoration of capitalism.
This cannnot change because the Russian leadership, like any bourgeois leadership, is like a chameleon. It has no problem in exploiting this or that ideological construct, or even the legacy of the USSR, against which it fought passionately in the recent past and continues to do so in its own way, to promote its own class interests in the great βraceβ that has broken out with the other imperialist powers (USA, NATO, EU) over raw materials, energy, commodity transport routes, geopolitical pillars, labour power, and market shares. This, however, does not at all mean that it seeks to βresurrectβ the USSR. This is not the intention of all those parasites who hold the reins of the economy and power in Russia today, as in every capitalist country. Their aim was and is the capitalist unification of the territories of the countries that came from the former USSR, where the Russian bourgeoisie will play a strong and distinct role, similar to that of Germany and France in the process of capitalist unification in the territories of the EU countries.
The war, therefore, is not due to some pro-Soviet nostalgic disposition of the Russian leadership, but to the confrontation between the forces of the Euro-Atlantic imperialist bloc (USA, NATO, EU) and the emerging Euro-Asian imperialist bloc (Russia, China, etc.).
The βreestablishmentβ of the USSR, which was a union of Socialist Republics, the common state βhomeβ of the peoples building a new socialistβcommunist society, depends neither on the tricks of the Russian oligarchy nor the degree of nostalgia of the population, which is constantly increasing, despite the torrent of anti-communist propaganda. It depends on the practical will and the high degree of organization of the peoples, as well as on their readiness to reclaim once everything that belongs to them and they were deprived of over the past three decades.
On the erroneous identification of the USSR with capitalist Russia
The dominant powers in the EU and the USA seek to identify todayβs Russia with the USSR, under the pretext of βtotalitarianismβ and βauthoritarian leadershipsβ, launching a new witch-hunt. Among other things, they are trying to identify the unacceptable Russian invasion of Ukraine with the internationalist military aid that the Soviet Union provided to various countries in the past. In this regard, we see that the campaign to destroy Soviet monuments has been intensified in several countries. In Poland, new legislation banning the Communist Party is being promoted.
Under these circumstances, those leftist-communist forces who justify the Russian invasion of Ukraine, accept the pretexts about the βdemilitarizationβ and βde-Nazificationβ of Ukraine, and even more so proceed to identify the USSR, a workersβ state, with todayβs capitalist Russia, where the interests of the few are in control, are doing a terrible service to the labour and communist movement. The attempt to draw parallels between the Soviet-Finnish war (1939β1940) or the Great Anti-Fascist War of the Soviet people (1941β1945) and the imperialist war in Ukraine are far from misleading because they are detached from the class character of the forces that clashed back then and now. These forces overlook that the struggle waged in the imperialist Second World War, a part of which was the hard and heroic struggle fought by the Soviet people and the Red Army, was just only for the USSR and the partisan movements of the occupied countries led by the Communist Parties. It was certainly not just for the bourgeois βdemocraticβ regimes, e.g. of Britain and the USA that participated in the Anti-Hitler coalition. Those forces, like the German fascist leadership, were responsible for the imperialist war and committed enormous crimes during it. Their interests were extremely anti-popular, as was shown by the imperialist intervention of Britain and the USA in Greece at the end of the Second World War.
The identification of todayβs China with the USSR is out of touch with reality
Therefore, the USSR is one thing and todayβs capitalist Russia is another. The same goes for China, where capitalist relations of production prevail, labour power is a commodity, and social needs have been commodified, as is the case in the rest of the capitalist world. Starting in 2012 and up to the present day, consistently more than 60% of Chinaβs GDP is produced by the private sector. Millions of people are condemned to poverty, when China ranks first in the world in number of billionaires who own colossal e-commerce groups, banks, factories, hotels, shopping malls, movie theatres, social media, mobile phone companies, etc. At the same time, tens of millions of itinerant internal migrants, who are engaged in temporary jobs and may remain unemployed, are not counted in official statistics and may account for up to 30% of the countryβs labour force. Tens of millions of people are excluded from modern social services, such as technical and higher education and health care services due to their commodification and low incomes. What relevance can all this have to the experience of the USSR? In our view, none!
We need to draw conclusions from the negative experience of the USSR as well
Some refer to the security systems of the UN and the OSCE (note: former Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe), which were set up with the active contribution of the USSR in 1945 and 1975 respectively, in order to call for the formation of new βsecurity systemsβ, both international and regional, which can supposedly take into account the βsecurity concernsβ of all sides and ensure peace again, as in the days of the USSR. These views, fostered by social democratic and opportunist forces calling for the creation of a βnew security architectureβ that will supposedly peacefully allow the interests of the US, NATO, and the EU to be reconciled with those of Russia and China to achieve a βpeaceful coexistenceβ, are utterly misleading for the peoples. That is because there can be no βpeaceful imperialismβ, since, as Lenin has shown and has been proven historically and theoretically, no agreement, no international or regional organization between capitalist states can permanently guarantee peace.
Often these pacifist proclamations are just a βfig leafβ for the support of the bourgeoisie of each country in imperialist competition and wars. The stance of the French CP and the CP of the Russian Federation is very characteristic regarding this issue as well. On 25/2/2022, i.e. the day after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the French CP was in favour of βa prospect of lasting peace and security in Europe, based on the principles of the Helsinki Final Act and the 1990 Charter of Parisβ. On 30/11/22, this position was combined with the vote of the French CP in the French parliament in favour of the countryβs military armaments to the benefit of the reactionary Zelenskiy government, as well as the further strengthening of NATO with the accession of Finland and Sweden. At the same time, from the point of view of the CPRF, the support of the Russian bourgeoisie regarding the imperialist war in Ukraine is being provided, among other things, on the grounds of defending the βRussian civilizationβ in the βwar of civilizationsβ and on the need for βa new architecture of security and international relationsβ, which began to take shape with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. It is known that at critical moments, opportunism, using various palatable arguments, e.g. βin favour of peaceβ, supports the imperialist plans and wars of the bourgeois classes of each side. As is well known, the KKE as well as 44 CPs and 30 CYOs have stood against imperialist war. The KKE stresses that the working class and the popular strata must not choose one or the other imperialist side in this conflict. The right side of history is the strengthening of the struggle against capitalism, for the overthrow of bourgeois power, for the construction of the new, socialist society.
At the same time, we must note that a series of erroneous assessments and the political line of βpeaceful competitionβ between the two systems that prevailed in the USSR after the 20th Congress of the CPSU, were a following wind for Eurocommunism and opportunist views in general. We are speaking, first of all, of the overestimation of the positive global processes after the end of the Second World War that prevailed in the USSR, as well as of the erroneous distinction on the part of the USSR between the bourgeois powers of other countries that distorted βLeninβs reference to peaceful coexistence concerning the economic and trade relations between the two socio-economic systems, (which) was transformed and given an ideological and strategic contentβ[1]. Such a position, however, in practice βembellished capitalism and reinforced the false notion that, at least for a certain historical period, the two systems could coexist and peacefully compete with each otherβ[2]. Based on the above, utopian positions and opportunist policies about international and regional βsecurity systemsβ were developed, which would supposedly ensure the βpeaceful coexistenceβ and mutual βrespectβ of the two socio-political systems, underestimating the predatory nature of imperialism.
The KKE, after studying the history of the USSR, has assessed that βThe line of βpeaceful co-existenceβ as was developed in the post-war period, to some extent at the 19th Congress (October 1952) and primarily at the 20th Congress of the CPSU (1956), acknowledged the capitalist barbarity and aggression of the USA and Britain, and of certain sections of the bourgeoisie and its respective political forces in the western European capitalist states, but not as an integral element of monopoly capitalism, of imperialism. In this way, it allowed the nurturing of utopian perceptions, such as that it is possible for imperialism to accept on a long term basis its co-existence with forces that have broken its worldwide domination.β[3]
Dear comrades,
Today, we are called upon to examine the historical course of the USSR, to reject anti-Sovietism and anti-communism fostered by bourgeois and opportunist forces, and at the same time to reject the embellishment of the USSR. We must critically confront this socialist past, learning from both its strengths and weaknesses, in order to better respond to todayβs demands for the revolutionary overthrow of capitalist barbarity and the building of the new, socialistβcommunist society.
We are confident that the 21st century will be a century of new socialist revolutions and uprisings, having the valuable experience of the first attempt to build the new society as an additional asset.
[3] 18th Congress of the KKE, Resolution on Socialism, βAssessments and conclusions on socialist construction during the 20th century, focusing on the USSR. The KKEβs perception on socialism.β
Π¦Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π² Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Π΅ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ
14 ΡΠ½Π²Π°ΡΡ 2023 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ 100-Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π°. ΠΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π³Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠ°, ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Π¦Π ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π¦Π ΠΠΠ.
Β«Π‘ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΡΡΠ° Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΡΡΠ° Π½Π΅ Π²Π·ΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΒ», β ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π€ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎ. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π° Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ 100 Π»Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎ Π΄Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π° Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ (Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ). ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠ· Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ - ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ.
ΠΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Π°
Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΡ 31 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° Β«ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΒ» Π»ΠΆΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Β«ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΒ» Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ:
- ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ , ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ , ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Π±Π΅Π·Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°.
- ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΠ΅, 8-ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ, Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ (60 - Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ 55 - Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½), Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄.
- ΠΡΠΈΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ, Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ, Π½Π°ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°.
- Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π±ΡΠ» Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ°Π΄, Π‘ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ°Π΄, Π±ΠΈΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΡΠ³Π΅, ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΠΠ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ Π Π΅ΠΉΡ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠΌ, Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
- Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΡΠ΅Π» ΠΏΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² (1936 Π³.), Β«Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β» ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² (1960-Π΅ Π³Π³.), Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ "ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈ" (1980-Π΅ Π³Π³.).
- Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Ρ, Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ° Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ, Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΠΠ‘Π‘, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. Π’Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ.
ΠΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Β» Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²
Π£Π²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ,
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ, 31 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ, ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π» Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡ? Π‘ΡΠ°Π» Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ?
ΠΡΠ°Π²Ρ Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»-Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, "Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅" ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , ΠΏΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ?
Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π² 1991 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ, Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ 2023 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π‘Π²ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°, Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π², ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°. Π£ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ, ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅Π².
Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π°ΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ΅Π·ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ, Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ , ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΡΒ» Π±Π΅Π·Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΠΎ Β«Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°Β», ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ±Ρ "ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°", ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ "ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ", ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 30 Π»Π΅Ρ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π. ΠΡΡΠΈΠ½. ΠΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ².
ΠΠΎΠΆΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Ρ Β«Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Β»
ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠ³Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π· Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π² Π·Π°Π±Π»ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°, Β«ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Β». ΠΠΎ ΠΡΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π²ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°! ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.
Π ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΌΡ, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌΠΈ (Π‘Π¨Π, ΠΠΠ’Π, ΠΠ‘) Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ², Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π . ΠΠ΅ ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ Β«ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡΒ», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , Π³Π΄Π΅ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΠ‘.
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ-ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° (Π‘Π¨Π, ΠΠΠ’Π, ΠΠ‘) ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π΅Π²ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° (Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.).
Β«ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β» Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΡΠ·ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ, Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΈ, Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ± ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΠΠ‘ ΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ Ρ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ Β«ΡΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Β», Β«Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Β», ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Ρ ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Β«ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΠΌΒ». ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π² ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
Π ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎ Β«Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ» ΠΈ Β«Π΄Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ» Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΈ ΡΠΆ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (1939-1940 Π³Π³.), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° (1941-1945 Π³Π³.), Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² Π·Π°Π±Π»ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ», ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ».
ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½, Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΆ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Β«Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Β» ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ Π² Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π΅Π΅ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ.
ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ - Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ - ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 60% ΠΠΠ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ, Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π°ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄. Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎ 30% ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΠΌ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΠΌ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ? ΠΠ° Π½Π°Ρ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ!
ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π‘Π‘Π‘Π
ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΠΠ‘Π (ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅: ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π² ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅), ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π² 1945 ΠΈ 1975 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Β«ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ , ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ±Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Β«ΠΎΠ·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ» Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π . ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»-Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Β«Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π‘Π¨Π, ΠΠΠ’Π ΠΈ ΠΠ‘ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ», ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½, ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°.
Π§Π°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Β«ΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΒ» Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ 25 ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°Π»Ρ 2022 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π° Β«ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² Π₯Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ 1990 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Β». ΠΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ, 30 Π½ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡ 2022 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΡ Π²ΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π° Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΠ’Π Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π€ΠΈΠ½Π»ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π¨Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΠ Π€, Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π΅ Π½Π° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π΅Π³Π°Ρ ΠΊ Π°ΡΠ³ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Β«ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ» Π² Β«Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΒ», Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Β«Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ³ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Β«Π·Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΒ», Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, 44 ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΠΠ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ 30 ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ. ΠΠΠ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ - ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, Π·Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
ΠΠ°Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΄ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Β«ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β» Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠ°Ρ Π² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ 20-Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Π° ΠΠΠ‘Π‘, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ. Π Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ², Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Β«Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β»[i]. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Β«ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉΒ»[ii]. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Β«ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ Β«ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β» ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Β«ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β» Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ Π³ΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.
ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , ΠΠΠ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ: Β«ΠΡΡΡ Π½Π° Β«ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β», ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° 19-ΠΎΠΌ (ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1952Π³), Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° 20-ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Π΅ ΠΠΠ‘Π‘ (1956Π³.), ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Π» ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π‘Π¨Π ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ» Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ², Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ» Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ»[iii].
Π£Π²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ,
Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°ΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π . ΠΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ· Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
ΠΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ 21-ΠΉ Π²Π΅ΠΊ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
[i] ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ, ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ, 1949-1968, ΡΡΡ. 94.
[iii] Π Π΅Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ 18-Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Π° ΠΠΠ: Β«ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² 20-ΠΌ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π . ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Β».
inter.kke.gr