Leon Trotsky: The Revolution Betrayed (1936)

What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going?

(1936)

Kindle version of the The Revolution BetrayedPDF version available here

INTRODUCTION: The Purpose of the Present Work

I. – WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED

The Principal Indices of Industrial Growth

Comparative Estimates of These Achievements

Production per Capita of the Population

II. – ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE ZIGZAGS OF THE LEADERSHIP

“Military Communism”, “The New Economic Policy” (NEP) and the Course Toward the Kulak

A Sharp Turn: “The Five-Year Plan in Four Years” and “Complete Collectivization”

III. – SOCIALISM AND THE STATE

The Transitional Regime

Program and Reality

The Dual Character of the Workers’ State

“Generalized Want” and the Gendarme

The “Complete Triumph of Socialism” and the “Reinforcement of the Dictatorship”

IV. – THE STRUGGLE FOR THE PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR

Money and Plan

“Socialist” Inflation

The Rehabilitation of the Ruble

The Stakhanov Movement

V. – THE SOVIET THERMIDOR

Why Stalin Triumphed

The Degeneration of the Bolshevik Party

The Social Roots of Thermidor

VI. – THE GROWTH OF INEQUALITY AND SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS

Want, Luxury and Speculation

The Differentiation of the Proletariat

Social Contradictions in the Collective Village

The Social Physiognomy of the Ruling Stratum

VII. – FAMILY, YOUTH AND CULTURE

Thermidor in the Family

The Struggle against the Youth

Nationality and Culture

VIII. – FOREIGN POLICY AND THE ARMY

From “World Revolution” to Status Quo

The League of Nations and the Communist International

The Red Army and Its Doctrines

The Abolition of the Militia and the Restoration of Officers’ Ranks

The Soviet Union in a War

IX. – SOCIAL RELATIONS IN THE SOCIAL UNION

State Capitalism?

Is the Bureaucracy a Ruling Class?

The Question of the Character of the Soviet Union Not Yet Decided by History

X. – THE SOVIET UNION IN THE MIRROR OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION

Work “According to Ability” and Personal Property

The Soviets and Democracy

Democracy and the Party

XI. – WHITHER THE SOVIET UNION?

Bonapartism as a Regime of Crisis

The Struggle of the Bureaucracy with “the Class Enemy”

The Inevitability of a New Revolution